![]() ![]() Retaking the Balkans, northern Syria, Armenia and re-establishing control of the East Mediterranean, to the enemies who once threatened to conquer her she again seemed invincible. Since the early 9 th century she had pragmatically and relentlessly turned the tables in her favour, launching a counter attack which once again elevated her to a position of military and economic primacy in the medieval world. In spite of early losses to the Slavs and Arabs in the 6 th-8 th centuries, Byzantium had reinvented herself as an economically and militarily virile state once more. She truly was the heir of the Late Roman Empire. Byzantium at the open of the century was perhaps the most prestigious and awe instilling nation in her world. ![]() ![]() The collision between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in the late 11 th century can be regarded as one of the great watersheds in history. ![]()
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